Spatial racism is a form of racism that depicts a pattern of housing development in which racially and economically segregated suburbs or gentrified areas of cities are created ( George, 2001 Brokaw, 1997). Standard segregation measures show that American cities are more integrated today than they have been since 1910, but spatial racism still exists ( Glaeser & Vigdor, 2012 Williams & Collins, 2001). The opportunity for contact further depends on whether or not members of smaller groups live near or work with one another ( Blau, 1977 Hallinan & Smith, 1985 Hallinan & Williams, 1989). Considerable research has demonstrated that the degree of intersectionality and the opportunity for contact between social positions (class, age, and education level) either constrain or facilitate social relations between racial ethnic groups. cities and in the workforce, Americans remain segregated in their social patterns ( Hoenig, 2013 Nesbitt, 2012). Despite increased racial integration in U.S.
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